根据2019年考试大纲的要求，在阅读理解中，“考生应能根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义。”这一类题目包含了推测划线部分指代内容、推测划线词或短语的意思等。相比较而言，推断划线部分所指代的内容是比较容易得分的题目。这类题目一般是用that或it等代词来指代，既然是“指代”，应是在上文已出现了的，下文为了避免重复才用代词来指代，因此这里看到此类题目应该往上文寻找答案。而本文列举的题目仅涉及能在上文寻找到线索的，包括直接类和间接类(需要概括等)两类题目。
一、直接类
当看到划线部分是代词，我们基本上可以形成条件反射——往上文寻找答案。再利用选项的特点，可以猜测是“点对点”，即指代上文出现过的某个单词。
真题1(2016年全国Ⅱ卷 C篇)
Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
30. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The book. B. An adventure.
C. A public place. D. The identification number.
解题思路：it为代词，前面内容为hoping that the book will have an adventure(希望书本可以进行大冒险)，因此下文的traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it(跟随找到它的每一位新读者游历四方)，游历四方的应该是上文出现的book。另外，既然是each new reader finds it，读者发现的应该是书，故选A项。
相似模拟题1(2019年广州二模)
The main problem with the previous studies is that they were too small-often limited to a few dozen individuals. This would be true even if the statistical methods needed to analyze the data were simple, but they are not. Distinguishing birth-order effects from those caused by family size complicates matters, meaning still bigger samples must be analyzed to obtain meaningful results.
29. What does the underlined“they”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The data. B. The analyses.
C. The previous studies. D. The statistical methods.
解题思路：往前找到“even if the statistical methods needed to analyze the data were simple”，有可能的答案为A和D，联系上下文，主干部分应是“even if the statistical methods were simple, but they are not (simple)”可以推断答案为D。
相似模拟题2(2018年深圳一模)
Previous studies only compared female bones to contemporary male bones, the researchers said--and that’s a problem, because the response of male bones to stress and change is much bigger than that of women. For instance, as humans moved from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle constantly on the move to a more settled agrarian(农耕的)one, changes can be observed in the structure of the shinbone(胫骨)- and these changes were much more evident in men.
30. What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Bones structure.
B. Bones’ thickness
C. Bones response to stress.
D. Bones’ stress from hard labor.
解题思路：划线部分属于比较的内容，利用比较对象应该一致的原则，我们往前找到the response of male bones to stress and change，这部分应与that of women是相比较内容，因此答案非常明显是指C. Bones response to stress。读者也可以借助思维导图来理解。
真题2 (2017年全国Ⅱ卷)
We shared the brief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back—he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
26. What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Their belief. B. Their care for children.
C. Their success. D. Their support for each other.
解题思路：从选项内容来看，D. Their support for each other. 这部分内容是出现在划线词的下文，成为答案的可能性不大。答案B. Their care for children.，从上文的内容看出，只是Paul对社会的回馈(you should put something back)有提及这点，而作者对社会的回馈并未提及，不能是share的内容。那只剩下belief和success，而作者明确提出We shared the brief，(我们有共同的信念，而后跟的是同位语从句，解释说明他们的信念的内容)，因此sharing that的that应该指的就是their belief。
相似模拟题1 (2018年广州一模)
Supermarket shelves are filled with plant-based alternatives to cow milk, including soy, nut, and coconut milk. These products are popular with consumers who cannot drink cows’ milk for health reasons, as well as with those concerned about animal welfare and environmental sustainability. While the dairy-free(非乳制的)options work well with cereal or in coffee, they fail miserably when it comes to making milk-based products like cheese or yogurt. However, these shortcomings may soon be a thing of the past, thanks to a new company in California, which has figured out how to create animal-free milk in a laboratory!
32. The underlined word“those”in paragraph 1 refers to _______.
A. alternatives B. people C. products D. reasons
解题思路：利用语篇中连词as well as，推断出语篇中含有平行结构，上文是受到customers的欢迎，那下文with之后也应是指受到人群的欢迎(customers顾客，指人)，即people(人)的欢迎，确定答案为B。同样地，借助思维导图，能更为简洁地推导出答案。
相似模拟题2 (2018年广东省一模)
Being mistreated at work can make people take out their negative emotions on loved ones at home. But a new study suggests that getting more exercise and sleep may help people better cope with them by leaving them at work, where they belong.
28. What does the underlined word“they”in Paragraph 1 refer to?
A. Loved people at home B. Negative emotions.
C. Different work pressures. D. More exercise and sleep
解题思路：利用by leaving them at work, where they belong推测划线的they与leaving them指代的是同样的内容，往上文找答案时，我们发现Being mistreated at work can make people take out their negative emotions，出现了同样的信息“at work”，但是they不可能指代Being mistreated at work，一来没有这个选项，二来being mistreated应该用it指代，而A. Loved people at home，at home这一信息表明它是错误选项，因为they belong(at work)，那么答案应该为B. Negative emotions(消极情绪)，因在工作时受到苛待而引发的消极情绪，那么此种消极情绪确实是属于工作场所。本题也可借用思维导图来推导答案。
二、概括类
这一类的题目还是从上文寻找答案，但通过选项的特点，可以猜测是“点与线或面的转换”，即指代上文相关内容，可能是一句话，也有可能需要我们进行概括或进行同义转换才能找到答案。
真题1 (2014年全国Ⅰ卷)
In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations- UNESCO and National Geographic among them --have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.
Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Center, Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in that tradition. His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture, grows out of his experience living, looking and raising a family in a village in Nepal.
33. What does“that tradition”in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Having full records of the languages
B. Writing books on language searching
C. Telling stories about language users
D. Living with the native speakers
解题思路：因为划线部分为that tradition，当阅读划线部分所在段落时，发现上一行着重介绍的是Mark Turin的身份(a scientist)单位(the Macmillan Center, Yale University)和研究领域(the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas)。所以得往上一段寻找答案，根据“prevent language loss, scholars have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect”(避免语言消失，学者们一直在记录那些濒临消失的语言)推测答案为A，document与have full record为同义转换。
真题2 (2017年全国Ⅰ卷)
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
29.What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 3 refers to?
A. Jazz becoming more accessible.
B. The production of jazz growing faster.
C. Jazz being less popular with the young.
D. The jazz audience becoming larger.
解题思路：因划线部分是本段的首句，应该往上文找答案。上一段写着“the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”(爵士乐的听众持续减少，且随着这部分听众年龄增长，爵士乐并未能争取到更年轻的听众)而下一段则提到“It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that.”(Jason Moran想改变这一点)，因此that应与C. Jazz being less popular with the young.(爵士乐在年轻人中并不受到欢迎)同义转换。
真题3 (2019年全国Ⅰ卷)
But he’s, nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should ... should...”Chris trips on the“-ld,”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support.“... Vote for ... me ...” Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
25. What does the underlined word“stumbles”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Improper pauses. B. Bad manners.
C. Spelling mistakes. D. Silly jokes.
解题思路：原句中“Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well.”(除了____，Chris做得相当不错)，联系上文，找到与Chris相关的语句”I’m here to tell you today why you should ... should ...” Chris trips on the”-ld, ”... Vote for ... me ...”，从这一句以及当中的符号“...”，我们可以推测Chris在表达“I’m here to tell you today why you should vote for me”这句话时，出现了多次停顿，且再联系下文“When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion”可知Chris是在演讲，我们可以确定A. Improper pauses是正确的答案(演讲过程中出现不恰当的停顿)。另外，演讲时不可能出现C. Spelling mistakes，因为听众无法发现，而D. Silly jokes并没有提及，至于B. Bad manners(无礼貌)，文中并没有体现，根据语篇上下文的内容，我们也可以利用排除法得出答案。
相似模拟题1 (2018年佛山一模)
The novel tells the story of how Francie’s parents, Johnny and Katie Nolan, met as teenagers. Katie later became pregnant, and they married before either of them had turned 20. Despite his charm and good nature, Johnny is an alcoholic who can’t hold a job. Katie supports the family by cleaning apartment buildings. This went against tradition, as the man was usually the one with the job who provided for the family.
34. The underline word“this”refer to the fact that _______.
A. Johnny was charming and had good nature
B. Johnny married Katie before they were 20
C. Katie worked as a cleaner in department buildings
D. Katie supported the family instead of Johnny
解题思路：往前找，可以看到“Johnny is an alcoholic who can’t hold a job. Katie supports the family by cleaning apartment buildings.”，可以先排除A和B。剩下两个答案中，答案C与原文内容一致，具有干扰性，可是利用下文“as the man was usually the one with the job who provided for the family”(男士通常才赚钱养家的)推断D. Katie supported the family instead of Johnny才是正确答案，因为Katie(妻子)赚钱养家，与传统不同，与下文结合起来看，逻辑正确，上下文也通顺。
相似模拟题2(2020年山东模拟题)
That night, we watched the news, and there we were. The news reporter told our story. It was only two minutes long, but it was us. We were famous. All that work, all those blisters, it was worth it. We knew that when we saw the garden every day, but now we knew that the whole city thought so, too.
6. What does the underline word“that”refer to in the last paragraph?
A. We got blisters on our hands.
B. Our hard work was worthwhile
C. The garden would be famous.
D. The project would be finished.
解题思路：往前找到句子“All that work, all those blisters, it was worth it.”可以先排除选项C和D。而原句中
“All that work, all those blisters” blisters就是我们努力工作的体现，但这一切“it was worth it”，从而可以判断B正确。
小结：
1.“点对点”的题目，答案就在上文出现过，所以考生要相信自己可以找出正确答案。最有效的方法一定是联系上下文，看看所选的答案是否能使得上下文通顺，逻辑合理。例如真题1、模拟题1和2都是划线词与所指代的内容离得非常近的，细心推导不难得出答案。而真题2、模拟题1和2划线部分与所指代内容离得比较远，考生容易受干扰内容影响。此时如若上文有复现内容，则可以利用这个线索来找到答案。解这三道题时，笔者都有借用思维导图，但本人更倾向于将这种方法作为一种验证的方法，检查自己的推断是否合理。所以要怎么画图或者甚至不借助思维导图都是可以的，它仅仅是一种工具，帮助你理清思路而已，关键还在于你是否借助语篇内容进行理解和推断。
2.“点对线或面”的题目，看似难度增大，实际上指代的面大了，目标反而更加清晰，容易命中目标。解这类题目没有太多的技巧，考生主要还是结合语篇内容进行概括或同义转换，是可以找到正确的指代内容的。
这两种类型的题目相比起猜测划线词意思还是容易得分，考生需要做的是建立起正确的解题思路。当你仔细琢磨本文给出的题目后，你会发现解题的思路是非常相似。而一旦形成正确的思路，你就不会受到干扰项的影响，绝对能拨开云雾，看清答案。希望考生们多多思考，以后遇到此类题目都能稳稳地拿下这2分。
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